［Objective］ To provide a scientific basis for effectively coordinating the tapping of regional cultivated land production capacity and ecological environmental protection of the Yellow River basin of Henan Province， the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and driving factors of the net primary productivity （NPP） of cultivated land in the basin were analyzed. ［Methods］ Using multi-source data， including those from China’s land use/cover dataset （CLUD） and MOD17A3H NPP dataset， this study employs the coefficient of variation， Theil-Sen median trend analysis， Mann-Kendall test， and Hurst index to reveal the spatiotemporal changes in cultivated land NPP in the basin from 2000 to 2023. A geographical detector model is used to identify influencing factors. ［Results］ ① From 2000 to 2023， the average annual NPP of cultivated land in the basin was 383.04 g/（m²·a）， increasing significantly at a rate of 4.35 g/（m²·a）. The spatial distribution generally showed the characteristics of being higher in the south and lower in the north， and the spatial variation was mainly dominated by low and medium fluctuations. ② The trend of change in cultivated land NPP was chiefly characterized by a very significant increase， with an area proportion of 43.61%， mainly distributed in the central and western parts of the study area. The cultivated land NPP areas with significant and insignificant increases were 20.83% and 22.76%， respectively. ③ The average Hurst index of cultivated land NPP was 0.44， and the proportions of positive and negative sustained areas were 22.87% and 77.13%， respectively. The largest proportion of future cultivated land NPP is expected to transition from increasing to decreasing， covering 59.65% of the area and being widely distributed across cities. ④ The main factors influencing cultivated land NPP include the annual average temperature， annual average precipitation， annual average evaporation， and elevation. Climate conditions， topographic features， and socioeconomic factors jointly influence cultivated land NPP through a nonlinear enhancement or dual-factor enhancement interactions. ［Conclusion］ From 2000 to 2023， the cultivated land NPP in the Yellow River basin of Henan Province showed an overall fluctuating increase. Both natural and anthropogenic factors influenced the NPP of cultivated land in this region. Effective regulation of these factors to harmonize cultivated land use and ecological protection is crucial， particularly in areas where cultivated land NPP is transitioning from increasing to decreasing in the region.