［Objective］ The effects of conservation tillage on the emissions of carbon dioxide （CO₂） and methane （CH₄） from dryland farming in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau in central Gansu Province were investigated and the characteristics of the emissions and the main factors affecting them were elucidated to provide a scientific reference for the sustainable development of regional agricultural ecology and to formulate effective policies for increasing production and reducing emissions. ［Methods］ Using traditional tillage （CT） as a control， three conservation tillage measures were implemented： no-tillage （NT）， conventional tillage plus straw mulching （CTS）， and no-tillage plus straw mulching （NTS）. Static chamber gas chromatography was employed to measure the CO₂ and CH₄ emission fluxes from the soil of dryland spring wheat fields while simultaneously determining the soil physicochemical properties and wheat yield. ［Results］ ① Compared with CT treatment， the cumulative CO₂ emissions of NT， NTS， and CTS treatments were 17.34%， 15.67%， and 1.52% lower， respectively. Cumulative CH₄ absorption increased by 11.95%， 16.26%， and 0.16%， respectively. Global warming potential （GWP） was reduced by 17.66%， 16.01%， and 1.5%， whereas greenhouse gas emission intensity （GHGI） decreased by 38.15%， 45.15%， and 24.98%， respectively. ② The soil organic carbon （SOC） and microbial mass carbon （MBC） decreased with increasing soil depth across all treatments. In the 0—40 cm soil layer， the SOC and MBC contents in the NT， NTS， and CTS treatments were higher than those in the CT treatment. ③ Correlation analysis showed that soil temperature and SOC had a highly significant positive correlation with CO₂ emission flux （p<0.001） and a highly significant negative correlation with CH₄ absorption flux （p<0.001）. In contrast， soil moisture was highly negatively correlated with CO₂ emission flux （p<0.001） and strongly positively correlated with CH₄ absorption flux （p<0.001）. Redundancy analysis showed that soil water content， soil temperature， and SOC were key factors affecting soil carbon fluxes， with soil moisture content being the most important. ［Conclusion］ Conservation tillage can slow greenhouse gas emissions from the soil of dryland farms in the study area， reduce its contribution to the greenhouse effect， and significantly increase wheat yields. Combining both ecological and economic benefits， the combination of NTS can be prioritized as a tillage measure to increase yield and reduce emissions from farmlands in this region.