［Objective］ The anti-erosion and anti-scouring abilities of soil under different land uses and soil types in the Dabie Mountains of western Anhui Province in China were evaluated， in order to identify the predominant factors influencing soil erosion resistance and provide scientific guidance for soil and water conservation management in the region. ［Methods］ Four representative soil and two land use types were selected based on the literature review and field investigations. The resistance to erosion and scouring， and physical properties of each soil were measured by field-scouring and laboratory analyses. ［Results］ ①The anti-scouring ability of the examined soils ranked as yellow-brown soil > purple soil > brown soil > regosols soil. The anti-erosion ability ranked as purple soil > regosols soil > brown soil > yellow-brown soil. ② Forest soil exhibited superior physical characteristics with greater resistance to scouring compared to tea garden soil. These soils varied only slightly in their anti-erosion behaviors. ③The content of water-stable aggregates in the 5—2 mm and 1—0.5 mm size ranges was the predominant factor influencing the erosion and scouring resistance under different land uses and soil types. ［Conclusion］ The content of water-stable aggregates serves as an ideal indicator for assessing soil erosion resistance in the Dabie Mountains region of western Anhui Province. Future research should simultaneously evaluate both erosion and scouring resistance to provide a comprehensive understanding of integrated soil erosion resistance.