[Objective] The spatio-temporal distribution characteristics and interaction mechanisms of coal, water, and soil resources in the Ningdong coal and power base from 2003 to 2023 were explored, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the optimal allocation of resources and ecological environment protection in this region. [Methods] Based on multi-source data, the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of coal, water, and soil resources were studied using methods such as a land-use transfer matrix and growth rate analysis, and the balance of water resource utilization was evaluated in combination with supply and demand analysis. [Results] ① From 2003 to 2023, coal production in Ningdong continued to increase, with an average annual growth rate of 5.89%. Coal mines were mainly distributed in the central and northern parts of the base, and the areas of industrial and mining land use had increased significantly. The supply and demand of water resources were unbalanced. Surface water relied mainly on water diversion from the Yellow River, and groundwater exploitation was restricted. The water body area increased from 21.45 to 45.66 km². ② The dominant land use type was grassland, but its area decreased. Industrial and mining residential land use expanded significantly, and its proportion increased from 1.40% in 2003 to 8.12% in 2023; the land resource utilization rate increased from 6.14% to 18.42%. ③ The development of coal, utilization of water resources, and changes in land use interacted with each other. Coal mining affected water resource demand and land occupation. The distribution of water resources influenced the ecological patterns of mining areas. Changes in land use further regulated coal mining layouts. [Conclusion] Coal development has a significant impact on soil and water resource utilization. Efforts should be made to optimize the allocation of water resources, improve the efficiency of land use, and promote the green and low-carbon development of Ningdong coal and power bases.