[Objective] The strength and driving factors of trade-offs and synergies among different ecosystem services in major grain-producing areas were explored, in order to provide theoretical support and a decision-making basis for the management of regional ecosystem services. [Methods] Taking Northern Anhui Province as the research object, this study measured the five ecosystem services of water production, carbon storage, soil conservation, habitat quality, and grain productivity from 2000 to 2023, and used Moran’s I to measure the spatial autocorrelation of each element. The dynamic ecosystem synergistic trade-off index was used to quantify the strength of the trade-off/synergistic relationships between the changes in each ecosystem service over a 23-year period, and an optimal parameters-based geographic detector was used to identify the driving forces of natural and social factors. [Results] ① Over the past 23 years, the internal grain productivity service in Northern Anhui Province’s grain-producing area has increased by 91.97%, whereas other ecosystem services have decreased. ② The characteristics of the trade-off/synergistic relationships between ecosystem services are spatially heterogeneous; they are divided into four categories: strip-shaped, point-shaped, homogeneous, and scattered. The main supporting services have significantly influenced the spatial distribution of trade-off/synergistic relationships between different ecosystem services. ③ The intensity of the ecosystem service trade-off/synergy is driven by natural factors (soil erosion power, NDVI). The interaction between natural and social factors also enhances spatial differences in trade-off synergy. [Conclusion] There is significant spatial heterogeneity in the synergistic effects of ecosystem service trade-offs in the main grain-producing areas of Northern Anhui Province. Natural factors are the chief driving factors, and the interaction between nature and society enhances spatial differences.