[Objective] The relationship between climate change and soil carbon sequestration capacity to reveal the effects of temperature, carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration, and precipitation on soil organic carbon and its component pool were explored, in order to provide a theoretical basis for improving soil carbon sequestration capacity in the context of global climate change. [Methods] Using a Meta-analysis, 44 relevant studies were screened, and 281 research sample data were collected. Active and inert soil organic carbon components were characterized by particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC), respectively. The effects of climate change on soil carbon stocks and soil stability were analyzed. [Results] ① Atmospheric CO₂ concentration and soil POC and MAOC content showed a significantly negative correlation (p<0.05). POC content decreased with rising air temperature, whereas MAOC content increased slightly. POC was more sensitive to changes in air temperature than MAOC. Soil POC was positively correlated with an increase in precipitation and negatively correlated with a decline in precipitation, whereas soil MAOC content showed the opposite trend. ② The increase in air temperature and CO₂ concentration as well as the decrease in precipitation reduced the concentration of the soil total organic carbon, whereas the rise in precipitation increased the concentration of the soil total organic carbon. ③ The response of soil organic carbon and its components to changes in climatic factors was affected by soil depth and soil type. [Conclusion] The influence of climatic factors on the soil's organic carbon and its component content is clearly different. Moreover, changes in climatic factors reduce the storage or stability of the soil organic carbon pool and weaken the soil carbon sequestration capacity.