[Objective] The effects of cementation solution concentration, plant fibers, microbial fertilizers and superabsorbent polymers on the mechanical and ecological properties of microbial-enhanced ecological substrates were analyzed. The adaptability of plants to substrates with different ratios was investigated，and the best formula of slope greening substrate was selected，in order to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the preparation of novel ecological substrates and slope vegetation restoration. [Methods] An orthogonal test was performed to evaluate the influence of cement concentration, plant fiber, compound microbial fertilizer and superabsorbent polymers on microbial-enhanced ecological substrate. Thereafter, the shear strength of the substrate with different proportions was compared, and the micro-mechanism of the strength improvement of the microbial-enhanced ecological substrate was analyzed by a high-definition microscope. A pot experiment was conducted to study the seedling emergence characteristics and vegetation growth of tall fescue and alfalfa in different substrate ratios. Based on the characteristics of shear strength and plant growth, the optimal substrate formula was screened using the entropy method. [Results] ① The microbial curing significantly improved the shear strength of the substrate, and increased cohesion and the internal friction angle by 179.78%—355.65% and 35.69%—58.97%, respectively. ② The concentration of cementing solution was the most significant factor affecting the emergence time and rate of plants; as the concentration of the cementing solution increased, the time to emergence increased and the emergence rate decreased significantly. ③ The growth indices of the plants in the substrate group improved significantly compared to those in the control group. The growth and development of tall fescue were best in the substrate with a cementing solution concentration of 0.2 mol/L, and the mass ratio of plant fiber, compound microbial fertilizer, and superabsorbent polymers of 1∶2∶0.09. Alfalfa had the best growth and development in the substrate with a cementing solution concentration of 0.2 mol/L, and plant fiber, compound microbial fertilizer, and superabsorbent polymers mass ratio of 3∶1∶0.06. [Conclusion] The shear strength of microbial-solidified ecological substrates was significantly higher than that of the matrix soil, and 0.2 mol/L was the best cementing solution concentration. At this concentration, the optimal ratios (plant fiber: composite microbial fertilizers: superabsorbent polymers) for tall fescue and alfalfa were 1∶2∶0.09 and 3∶1∶0.06, respectively.