[Objective] The land use and the evolution process of orchard rocky desertification in Guanyan underground river basin along the eastern bank of Lijiang River from 2010 to 2020 were analyzed, and the distribution characteristics and internal evolution law of orchard rocky desertification landscape pattern were explored, so as to provide geological basis and decision-making suggestions for ecological protection and restoration and sustainable utilization of landscape resources in this area and even in Lijiang River basin. [Methods] Taking the land use type and rocky desertification in Guanyan underground river basin as the research object, based on the second and third national land survey data and remote sensing image data, the GIS technology platform and area transfer matrix model were used to analyze the evolution law of orchard rocky desertification in the study area. [Results] ① Cultivated land, orchards, and forest land were the main land uses in the underground river basin. The areas of cultivated land and grassland decreased, while the areas of orchard, forest land, water, and other land increased. ② The area of rocky desertification in orchards in the Guanyan underground river basin decreased by 1.34 km² from 2010 to 2020, a reduction of 7.90%. Overall, the rocky desertification was continuously decreasing in the orchards. However, the areas affected by moderate and severe rocky desertification increased. A total of 1.51 km² of nonrocky desertification area transformed into rocky desertification. ③ In a 1.79 km² area, the orchard rocky desertification decreased; however, the desertification worsened in a 1.78 km² area from 2010 to 2020. [Conclusion] Overall, the rocky desertification in orchards within the watershed was decreases. However, rocky desertification was increasing and expanding to some new areas, which mainly manifested as the spread of rocky desertification in the orchard and in some forested areas. Therefore, the focus of ecological environmental restoration and protection in the underground Guanyan river basin should be on strengthening the scientific planting and management of existing orchards, gradually restoring shrubs and other vegetation, vigorously developing agroforestry planting methods, and preventing further increases in rocky desertification through the application of on existing rocky desertification control measures.