[Objective] Changes in soil properties and microbial community structure in 0—20 cm soil under different land use modes in wetlands were analyzed, and the characteristics of soil carbon sequestration microbial communities and functional gene changes under different land use modes were explored to provide scientific references for the protection and sustainable utilization of wetland ecosystem resources. [Methods] The Xianshan Lake National Wetland Park in Changxing, Zhejiang Province was taken as the research object. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to sequence the genes. [Results] ① The carbon sequestration capacity of the Xianshan Lake wetland was as follows: sedge swamp>natural coastal forest>bamboo forest>nursery>artificially intervened riverbank forest (Chinese fir forest)>artificial pine forest>broad-leaved forest>artificially intervened coastal vegetation>artificially intervened riverbank forest (willow swamp)>reed swamp>reed and willow coastal vegetation. The organic carbon storage of sedge swamp was the highest (38.68±0.56 t/hm²), accounting for 171% of forest organic carbon storage, and its soil microbial carbon utilization efficiency (0.66±0.005) was 150% of bamboo forest microbial carbon utilization efficiency. ② The carbon sequestration pathways of microorganisms in the Xianshan Lake wetland were mainly facilitated through the Calvin cycle, reducing the tricarboxylic acid cycle and reducing acetyl CoA pathway, with Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexia as the main carbon sequestration microbial communities. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in the sedge swamp soil were 56.40% and 17.40%, respectively. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the natural coastal forest soil was 59.60%, and that of Acidobacteria in the bamboo forest soil was 36.00%. There was a positive correlation between organic carbon storage and soil carbon-fixing bacterial abundance in the Xianshan Lake wetland. [Conclusion] The dominant microbial communities for carbon sequestration in the Xianshan Lake wetland ecosystem varied greatly, and changes in soil carbon sequestration microbial communities and functional genes under different land use patterns affected the carbon sequestration capacity of wetland microorganisms. Among them, soil organic carbon storage, total nitrogen content, and microbial carbon utilization efficiency were the highest in the sedge swamp, and its carbon sequestration functional genes were higher than those of other land-use methods. Therefore, sedge marshes have a high carbon storage capacity.