[Objective] Evaluate the soil anti-erosion and anti-scouring abilities under different land uses and soil types in the Dabie Mountains of western Anhui Province, and elucidate the primary factors influencing soil erosion resistance in this region. [Methods] Four representative soil and two land use types were selected based on literature review and field investigations. Through field-scouring combined with laboratory experiments, the soil anti-erosion ability, anti-scouring ability and soil physical properties of each soil were measured. [Results] (1) The varying soil anti-scouring ability is demonstrated as follows: Yellow-brown soil > Purple soil > Brown soil > Regosols soil. The soil anti-erosion ability ranks as: Purple soil > Regosols soil > Brown soil > Yellow-brown soil. (2) Forest soil exhibits superior physical characteristics, with higher soil anti-scouring ability compared to tea garden soil, while the relationship between their anti-erosion ability shows slight variations. (3) The content of water-stable aggregates in the 5-2 mm and 1-0.5 mm sizes serves as the predominant factor influencing the soil anti-erosion and anti-scouring abilities under different land uses and soil types. [Conclusion] The content of water-stable aggregates serves as an ideal indicator for assessing the soil erosion resistance in the Dabie Mountains region of western Anhui Province. These research findings provide a scientific foundation for soil erosion control in the Dabie Mountains region of western Anhui Province.