[Objective] This paper objectively revealed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and driving factors of cultivated land net primary productivity (NPP) in the Yellow River Basin of Henan Province, providing a scientific basis for effectively coordinating the tapping of regional cultivated land production capacity and the ecological environmental protection of the river basin. [Methods] This paper comprehensively utilized multi-source data such as land use/cover dataset (CLUD) and MOD17A3H NPP dataset, and adopted methods such as coefficient of variation, Theil-Sen Median trend analysis, Mann-Kendall test method, and Hurst index to reveal the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of cultivated land NPP in the Yellow River Basin of Henan Province from 2000 to 2023. The influencing factors were explored with the help of the Geodetector model. [Results] (1) From 2000 to 2023, the average annual NPP of cultivated land in the Yellow River Basin of Henan Province was 383.04 g·m-2·a-1, which increased significantly at a rate of 4.35 g·m-2·a-1. The spatial distribution generally showed the characteristics of being higher in the south and lower in the north, and the spatial variation was mainly dominated by low and medium fluctuations. (2) The trend of cultivated land NPP change was mainly characterized by a very significant increase, with an area proportion of 43.61%, mainly distributed in the central and western parts of the study area. The cultivated land NPP areas with significant increase and insignificant increase were 20.83% and 22.76%, respectively. (3) The average Hurst index of cultivated land NPP was 0.44, and the proportions of positive and negative sustained areas were 22.87% and 77.13%, respectively. In the future, the area of cultivated land NPP increasing to decreasing will be the largest, with an area proportion of 59.65%, widely distributed in various cities. (4) The annual average temperature, annual average precipitation, annual average evaporation, and elevation were the main factors affecting the NPP of cultivated land. The interaction between different factors such as climate conditions, terrain conditions, and socio-economic factors collectively affected the NPP of cultivated land through nonlinear or dual factor enhancement. [Conclusion] From 2000 to 2023, the cultivated land NPP in the Yellow River Basin of Henan Province showed an overall fluctuating increase. Both natural and human factors affected the cultivated land NPP in this region during this period. Effective regulation of various factors to coordinate cultivated land utilization and ecological protection is an important aspect of the Yellow River Basin in Henan Province, especially in areas where cultivated land NPP increases to decreases.