[Objective] Soil anti-erodibility is an important parameter to characterize the ability of soil to resist erosion. The study of anti-erodibility on red soil can provide important basic data and reference for the prevention and control of soil erosion in red soil region and the rational development and utilization of red soil resources. [Methods] In this manuscript, the typical red soil in Weishui River Basin of Hunan Province was taken as the research object. A total of 16 types of red soil, including dry land, paddy field, garden land, and forestland, which were derived from four typical soil parent materials, such as Quaternary red clay, sandstone, plate shale, and granite, were selected to study the differences in anti-erodibility of red soils with different parent materials and land use types. [Results] Land use types significantly (P < 0.05) affected red soil anti-erodibility, the anti-erodibility and water stability indexes of paddy field, garden land, and forestland were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of dry land. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the anti-erodibility of red soil derived from different parent materials, and the interaction between them and land use types on anti-erodibility was not obvious. In addition, land use types also significantly (P < 0.05) changed the contents of water-stable aggregate (WSA0.25) and soil organic matter, WSA0.25 of forest land was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that that of dry land, and the soil organic matter content in paddy soil was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that that of dry land, garden land, and forestland. However, the effect of parent materials on WSA0.25 was not significantly (P > 0.05), while significantly (P < 0.05) changed the contents of organic matter and clay in red soil, which were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in soil derived from granite than that derived from the other three parent materials. Correlation analysis showed that the anti-erodibility and water-stable indexes were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with WSA0.25 and soil organic matter. [Conclusion] Both land use types and parent materials can affect the anti-erodibility of red soil by changing WSA0.25 and soil organic matter, but the effect of land use types on anti-erodibility was significantly stronger than that of parent material. Therefore, it should be based on the optimization of adjustment and layout about land use types for the prevention and control of soil and water loss in red soil, taking into account soil parent materials.