[Objective] A landscape ecological risk assessment for Xiangjiang River basin were conducted, and an ecological security pattern were established, in order to provide guidance for the implementation of regional ecological conservation and restoration efforts in the area. [Methods] Eleven indicators were selected from the three perspectives of natural environment, human society, and landscape pattern to construct Xiangjiang River basin landscape ecological risk evaluation indicator system. Based on this system, spatial principal component analysis was applied to evaluate the landscape ecological risk, and then, a comprehensive ecological resistance surface was constructed. The InVEST model, morphological spatial pattern analysis, and landscape connectivity analysis were combined to identify ecological sources. Circuit theory was then applied to identify ecological corridors, ecological pinch points, and barrier points area. [Results] ① Human society had the greatest impact on the landscape ecological risk of Xiangjiang River basin. Areas of high landscape ecological risk extended outward from multiple high-value centers located in urban agglomerations and various prefecture-level cities, while areas of low landscape ecological risk were primarily located in the southeastern and southern forest regions. ② A total of 32 ecological sources were identified, covering an area of 20 415.89 km², accounting for 22% of the total basin area, and 64 ecological corridors were identified with a total length of 1 888.25 km. 50 ecological pinch points and 41 ecological barrier points were identified, accounting for 0.8% and 0.6% of the total basin area. ③ Ecological protection areas, ecological improvement areas, ecological restoration areas, and critical ecological areas were delineated, with different ecological protection and optimization measures formulated. [Conclusion] Rationalizing ecological security patterns is crucial for the sustainable development of the eco-economy. Based on a landscape ecological risk analysis of Xiangjiang River basin, corresponding measures and policies should be adopted for ecological source areas, ecological corridors, and key nodes to carry out ecological restoration and protection to maintain ecological security.