[Objective] Regional carbon storage can be improved by optimizing and adjusting management. Investigating the service function of carbon storage is a crucial guarantee for maintaining ecosystem stability and has a significant influence on ecological environment conservation. [Methods] The Carbon storage module of the InVEST model was used to quantitatively evaluate and study the spatial distribution of carbon storage, explore the effects of land use degree, topography, meteorology, soil erosion, and other factors, and calculate the hot spots of carbon storage based on correlation analysis superposition, using land use data from 2010, 2015, and 2021 in Wuhu. [Results] (1) Carbon storage in Wuhu City has declined by 4.15105 t in recent years due to land use change, with an annual decrease trend. The carbon sequestration capacity of grassland was lower than that of cultivated land, and the carbon storage capacity of cultivated land was 7.41×106 t, while that of forest was 5489.01t/km2. (2) Among natural factors, land use type, elevation, slope, and land use degree were the most important in determining the spatial distribution of carbon stocks, which increased gradually step by step with altitude and slope, and the overall distribution of carbon stocks was "low in the north and high in the south." (3) Carbon storage and soil conservation are highly positively associated, mutually reinforcing, and synergistic among ecological and environmental variables; yet, there is a trade-off with soil erosion. (4) The ratio of "high-high accumulation" in southern China was 18.77%, whereas it was just 2.73% in northern China. The hotspots of carbon storage declined year by year as a result of the effect of resource development and usage, with 11.95% of the excellent regions concentrated in the southern mountain forest, and certain places being vulnerable and needing to be conserved and optimized. [Conclusion] The study of carbon storage change and its influencing elements is critical for improving carbon sequestration capacity for carbon neutrality and urban sustainable development, as well as providing scientific references for arable land conservation and green agricultural development.