[Objective] Soil erosion characteristics and impact factors in north and south slopes of the Eastern Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang Wei Autonomous Region were investigated and studied in order to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of soil erosion.[Methods] In the north and south solpes of the Eastern Tianshan Mountain, 14 survey units were selected to investigate the types and characteristics of soil erosion, land use types and vegetation growth status from June 25 to 30, 2019.[Results] Soil erosion mainly occurred in grassland and construction land. Grassland degradation was serious and grazing led to scaly erosion and animal erosion. And, some areas were exposed to denudation, sapping and sheep path erosion. There were less land protection measures in construction, and gully erosion was the primary form.[Conclusion] Over grazing had led to slowing recovery of grassland ecosystems, and construction had destroyed the original ecosystem, causing serious artificial acceleration of erosion and seriously threatening the ecological security of the Tianshan region. It was urgent to carry out soil erosion monitoring and research on the basic data, strengthen the work of soil and water conservation, establish a reasonable grazing system, speed up the restoration of the ecosystem, reduce soil and water loss, and ensure the ecological safety and healthy development of Tianshan Mountains.