[Objective] Farmers' environmental awareness and influence factors in the ecological fragile areas of Northern Shaanxi Province were analyzed in order to promote farmers to participate in ecological environment protection and to provide a support for solving the ecological degradation problem of ecological fragile areas. [Methods] Data of livelihood capital from 288 households were collected in interviewing with farmers. Their environmental perception and the possible influence factors were analyzed using the structure equation model(SEM). [Results] The 3 endogenous variables used in the models had significant path coefficients. The path coefficient from awareness to consciousness was 0.50(t=3.31), from perception to behavior was 0.59(t=3.35), from consciousness to behavior was 0.59(t=2.82). [Conclusion] Farmers' perception of environmental change is high, while their satisfaction at regional environmental conditions is low. Residence time, education level, social capital and human capital were the main factors that can influence farmers' perception, awareness and behavior of environment.