[Objective] To protect Shengjin Lake national nature reserve, in Anhui Province, effectively. [Methods] On the basis of three periods of TM remote sensing images of Shengjin Lake national nature reserve in 1986, 2002 and 2011, by using ERDAS and ArcGIS tools, in consideration of the current land use in Shengjin Lake nature reserve for supervision classification, the Shengjin Lake nature reserve was classified into three function areas, such as experimental area, core area and buffer area. The nature reserve area was divided into eight parts of construction land, grassland, cultivated land, forest land, waters, unused land, traffic land and garden plot, and the land use area was summarized. By using the hierarchical analysis and fuzzy mathematics method of land use to build ecological risk assessment model, the ecological risk index of land use was draw up. [Results] The overall risk value of Shengjin Lake was intermediate, and the ecological risk index increased gradually from 1986 to 2011. Among them, the core area of ecological risk was lower, but it also trended to increase gradually. At the same time, experimental area of ecological risk value was higher than that of the core area, and the buffer area ecological risk value variation was obvious and ecological risk of land use was serious. [Conclusion] The ecological risk of Shengjin Lake nature reserve tends to rise. Some measures should be taken to build early warning mechanism to control the ecological risk of Shengjin Lake nature reserve.