Soil and water conservation, as an integral part of the eco-civilization development, needs an innovation-driven national strategy to speed up the science and technology development and promote the progress of preventing and controlling soil and water loss. The authors summarized the roles of science and technology development in soil and water loss control in different industries of China, and analyzed the situations and potential of science and technology in soil and water conservation. Then we proposed key points for the development of science and technology in soil and water conservation at present, which include transforming governmental functions, increasing the investment in the science and technology, and enhancing the infrastructure management. We also need pay more attention to the development of disciplines and scientific and technological talents, and science and technology coordination.