A pot experiment including five treatments of CK(neither urea nor chicken manure was applied), N₁₀₀(100% of nitrogen was provided by urea), M₁₀N₉₀(10% and 90% of nitrogen was provided by chicken manure and urea, respectively), M₃₀N₇₀(30% and 70% of nitrogen was provided by chicken manure and urea, respectively), and M₅₀N₅₀(50% and 50% of nitrogen was provided by chicken manure and urea, respectively) was conducted to evaluate the effects of chicken manure co-applied with inorganic fertilizer on root morphological characteristics and ecological environment of 1-year PopulusבLulin-1’seedlings rhizosphere soil. The results indicated that in comparison to N₁₀₀ treatment, M₃₀N₇₀ treatment significantly increased the root surface area, specific root surface area, total root length and root volume, and obviously increased the content of total amino acids, total organic acids and total sugars in root exudates. In the meantime, M₃₀N₇₀ treatment apparently increased available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and trace element contents, but decreased the pH value in the rhizosphere soil. Besides, different fertilizer treatments had great effects on humus composition of rhizosphere soil. M₃₀N₇₀ treatment decreased the ratio of humin to humic acid, while significantly increased the humic acid contents and the ratio of humic acid to fulvic acid. However, in M₁₀N₉₀ and M₅₀N₅₀ treatments, less effects on poplar seedlings was observed than that in M₃₀N₇₀ treatment. In conclusion, chicken manure co-applied with inorganic fertilizer, especially M₃₀N₇₀ treatment, is beneficial to the root morphological characteristics and ecological environment at rhizosphere soil, which is importance to increase the transplanting survival rate of poplar seedlings.