In the recent 50 years, many environmental problems appeared at the lower reaches of Tarim River, such as desertification developed, due to unreasonable exploitation of resource. Based on the spot investigation and field survey data and remote sensing image, using vegetation coverage model and desertification dynamic model, the vegetation and desertification status before and after ecological water transport at the lower reaches of Tarim River were analyzed. The results show that the vegetation coverage and species increased obviously after eco-water transport; The crown of Populus euphratica increased; The proportion of bare land and sandy area was declining; Meanwhile, the non-desertification and light desertification area kept expanding. The severely desertification area showed a decreasing trend. The eco-water transport had obvious effect on the vegetation restoration and desertification reversion.