[Objective] Achieving the coordinated development of agricultural ecological efficiency and economic resilience is an important pathway for Xinjiang to progress towards sustainable development. [Method] This study measures the levels of agricultural ecological efficiency and economic resilience in 14 prefectures of Xinjiang from 2010 to 2022, utilizing Spearman's rank correlation analysis, production possibility frontier (PPF), and trade-off intensity index to quantitatively analyze the trade-off and coordination relationship between efficiency and resilience, and employing geographically weighted regression (GWR) to examine the influencing factors of the efficiency-resilience coordination trade-off in different regions. [Result] (1) The resilience of Xinjiang's agricultural economy has demonstrated a rapid growth trend over time, with a spatial distribution pattern of "southern > northern." Agricultural ecological efficiency is also showing an increasing trend, with the spatial pattern being "southern > northern." (2) There are significant synergies between output and resistance, significant trade-offs between output and resilience, and the PPF curves for input-resistance and output-resilience are “concave-convex” in shape, with most of the corresponding portfolios in their optimal configurations. (3) The trade-off relationship between efficiency and resilience was strengthened by the influencing factors, and the overall size was as follows: fiscal expenditure on agriculture > forestry and water resources > total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery > total investment in environmental pollution control; The coordinated relationship between efficiency and resilience was strengthened by the influencing factors, in descending order: total investment in environmental pollution control > fiscal expenditure on science and technology > gross output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery > fiscal expenditure on agriculture, forestry, and water. [Conclusion] There are trade-offs and coordination between agricultural ecological efficiency and agricultural economic resilience, so it is necessary to formulate coordinated development policies for efficiency and resilience according to local conditions to achieve sustainable development in Xinjiang.