[Objective] The changes of landscape pattern and relations among landscape index and runoff in Chaohe River watershed were examined in order to provide theoretical basis for the basin ecological environment construction. [Methods] The hydrometeorological data of Chaohe watershed over 50 years, ArcGIS and Fragstats software, landscape index from the remote sensing images(1979, 1987, 1991, 2009) of Chaohe River watershed were used. [Results] Precipitation and runoff decreased over time, and the temperature increased at 0.215℃/10 a. The runoff of Chaohe River decreased significantly with the 28-year cycle of wet and dry conversion; a steady increasing patches number with decreasing area with more simplicity caused Chaohe River watershed become weak. [Conclusion] Runoff decreased with increase of landscape shape index. When the mean patches perimeter was 1 050 m, the number of patches was 110 000 with Shannon's diversity index of about 1.33. Therefore, the comprehensive intercepting ability of patches was the strongest and the watershed runoff capacity was the weakest.